The essence of field epidemiology extends beyond the fundamental investigation of the distribution and determinants of health-related states or events. It encompasses the communication of science and health-related information to different audiences. This chapter delves into two specific aspects of communication crucial in disease prevention and control: science communication and health communication^[1].

Science Communication

Science communication is a multifaceted field that involves sharing and promoting science-related topics to various audiences, ranging from non-experts to fellow scientists. This activity is instrumental in disseminating scientific knowledge and promoting understanding of complex scientific concepts, methodologies, and results.

Public Communication of Science

Public communication of science involves presenting science-related topics to non-experts. This includes writing study protocols for stakeholders such as public health officials, policymakers, or community leaders. It is essential to articulate these protocols in a manner that is easily understood by the target audience to facilitate decision-making and encourage support for research initiatives.

Communication between Scientists

Communication between scientists can take many forms. It often occurs through oral presentations at conferences or written publications in scientific journals. This exchange of ideas and findings is crucial for advancing scientific understanding and fostering collaborations.

Communication of Science by Non-Scientists

Non-scientists also play a role in science communication, discussing science-related topics in social, professional, or political settings. Their understanding and interpretation of scientific knowledge can influence public opinion and policy decisions.

Science Exhibitions, Journalism, Policy, and Media Production

Science exhibitions, journalism, policy writing, and media production are other avenues of science communication. These platforms engage broader audiences, often aiming to generate support for scientific research, inform decision-making, or provoke political and ethical thinking.

Health Communication

Health communication is the study and practice of sharing health-related information to influence personal health choices and improve health literacy. It involves the strategic dissemination of health information through various channels.

Public Health Campaigns

Public health campaigns are a prevalent form of health communication. These campaigns disseminate promotional health information to educate the public about diseases, health risks, and preventive measures.

Health Education

Health education is another vital aspect of health communication. It aims to equip individuals with the knowledge and skills necessary to make informed decisions about their health. This might involve teaching about nutrition, exercise, disease prevention, or management of chronic conditions.

Doctor-Patient Communication

Effective communication between doctors and patients is paramount in health care. Doctors must convey complex medical information in a way that patients can understand and use to make informed decisions about their health. This two-way communication involves not only imparting medical information but also listening to and understanding the patient's experiences and concerns.

Conclusion

In field epidemiology, effective science and health communication are indispensable for disease prevention and control. They ensure the accurate and efficient dissemination of information, fostering an informed society capable of making health-conscious decisions. The success of these communication efforts is underpinned by the ability to tailor messages to the audience's understanding and needs, ultimately promoting health literacy and contributing to the overall improvement of public health.

Further reading

• Fischhoff B, Davis AL. Communicating scientific uncertainty. Proc Natl Acad Sci U S A. 2014;111(Suppl 4):13664-13671.
• Bucchi M, Trench B. Handbook of Public Communication of Science and Technology. London: Routledge; 2008.
• Burns TW, O'Connor DJ, Stocklmayer SM. Science Communication: A Contemporary Definition. Public Understanding of Science. 2003;12(2):183-202.
• Smith RA, Downs E, Witte K. Drama theory and entertainment education: Exploring the effects of a radio drama on behavioral intentions to limit HIV transmission in Ethiopia. Communication Monographs. 2007;74(2):133-153.
• Schiavo R. Health Communication: From Theory to Practice. 2nd ed. San Francisco, CA: Jossey-Bass; 2013.
• Zarcadoolas C, Pleasant A, Greer DS. Understanding health literacy: an expanded model. Health Promot Int. 2005;20(2):195-203.
• Street RL Jr, Makoul G, Arora NK, Epstein RM. How does communication heal? Pathways linking clinician-patient communication to health outcomes. Patient Educ Couns. 2009;74(3):295-301.

References