Measures of impact in the population - Revision history

Bosmana fem: /* Credits */

2023-04-10T21:20:33Z

Credits

← Older revision		Revision as of 21:20, 10 April 2023
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	=~~Credits=~~		<div style="display: inline-block; width: 25%; vertical-align: top; border: 1px solid #000; background-color: #d7effc; padding: 10px; margin: 5px;">
	~~===~~Fem Editor 2007~~===~~		'''FEM PAGE CONTRIBUTORS 2007'''
	* Meirion Evans		;Fem Editor 2007
	~~===~~original Authors~~===~~		:Meirion Evans
	* Alain Moren		;original Authors
	* Marta Valenciano		:Alain Moren
	* Thomas Grein		:Marta Valenciano
	~~===FEM Contributors===~~		:Thomas Grein
			</div>
	[[Category:Measures of Disease Impact]]		[[Category:Measures of Disease Impact]]

Bosmana fem at 21:07, 22 March 2023

2023-03-22T21:07:25Z

← Older revision		Revision as of 21:07, 22 March 2023
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	* Thomas Grein		* Thomas Grein
	===FEM Contributors===		===FEM Contributors===

			[[Category:Measures of Disease Impact]]

Bosmana fem at 10:28, 19 December 2022

2022-12-19T10:28:48Z

← Older revision		Revision as of 10:28, 19 December 2022
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	=Credits=		=Credits=
	===Fem Editor 2007===		===Fem Editor 2007===
			* Meirion Evans
	===original Authors===		===original Authors===
			* Alain Moren
			* Marta Valenciano
			* Thomas Grein
	===FEM Contributors===		===FEM Contributors===

Bosmana fem: /* References */

2022-12-19T10:27:29Z

References

← Older revision		Revision as of 10:27, 19 December 2022
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	=References=		=References=
	<references/>		<references/>


			=Credits=
			===Fem Editor 2007===

			===original Authors===

			===FEM Contributors===

Bosmana fem: /* Drunk driving */

2022-12-19T10:26:41Z

Drunk driving

← Older revision		Revision as of 10:26, 19 December 2022
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	===Drunk driving===		===Drunk driving===
	[[File:1460.AFpop-3.gif-550x0.png\|600px\|frameless\|left]]		[[File:1460.AFpop-3.gif-550x0.png\|600px\|frameless\|left]]




	This means that (if drunk driving causes driving related deaths) 22% of driving related deaths in the population can be attributed to drunk driving.		This means that (if drunk driving causes driving related deaths) 22% of driving related deaths in the population can be attributed to drunk driving.
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	AFpop can also be expressed as:		AFpop can also be expressed as:
	[[File:2626.AFpop-4.gif-550x0.png\|400px\|frameless\|left]]		[[File:2626.AFpop-4.gif-550x0.png\|400px\|frameless\|left]]





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	[[File:4621.AFpop-5b.GIF-550x0.png\|800px\|frameless\|left]]		[[File:4621.AFpop-5b.GIF-550x0.png\|800px\|frameless\|left]]





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	the strength of the association (RR)		the strength of the association (RR)
	the frequency of the exposure (Pe)		the frequency of the exposure (Pe)
	To have a large impact on the population, ~~the~~ exposure must be common.		To have a large impact on the population, exposure must be common.

	Methods are also available for dealing with multiple exposure categories for a single risk factor <ref>Hanley JA. A heuristic approach to the formulas for population attributable fraction. J Epidemiol Community Health 2001;55:508-14.</ref>, and for diseases caused by multiple risk factors <ref NAME ="Coughlin"/> <ref>Bruzzi P, Green SB, Dyer DP, Brinton LA, Schairer C. Estimating the population attributable risk for multiple risk factors using case-control data. Am J Epidemiol 1985;122:904-14.</ref>.		Methods are also available for dealing with multiple exposure categories for a single risk factor <ref>Hanley JA. A heuristic approach to the formulas for population attributable fraction. J Epidemiol Community Health 2001;55:508-14.</ref>, and for diseases caused by multiple risk factors <ref NAME ="Coughlin"/> <ref>Bruzzi P, Green SB, Dyer DP, Brinton LA, Schairer C. Estimating the population attributable risk for multiple risk factors using case-control data. Am J Epidemiol 1985;122:904-14.</ref>.

	Sometimes, diseases are the result of complex interactions between risk factors. Methods to conceptualise and clarify these interactions have been developed. These include sequential attributable fractions <ref>Eide GE, Gefeller O. Sequential and average attributable fractions as aids in ~~the selection of~~ prevention strategies. J Clin Epidemiol 1995;48:645-55.</ref>, <ref>Rowe A, Powell KE, Flanders WD. Why population attributable fractions can sum to more than one. Am J Prev Med 2004;26:243-9.</ref>, and causal pies <ref>Hoffmann K, Flanders WD. Estimating the proportion of disease due to classes of sufficient causes. Am J Epidemiol 2006;164:1253-5.</ref>, <ref>Liao S-F, Lee W-C. Weighing the causal pies in case-control studies. Ann Epidemiol 2010;20:568-73.</ref>.		Sometimes, diseases are the result of complex interactions between risk factors. Methods to conceptualise and clarify these interactions have been developed. These include sequential attributable fractions <ref>Eide GE, Gefeller O. Sequential and average attributable fractions as aids in selecting prevention strategies. J Clin Epidemiol 1995;48:645-55.</ref>, <ref>Rowe A, Powell KE, Flanders WD. Why population-attributable fractions can sum to more than one. Am J Prev Med 2004;26:243-9.</ref>, and causal pies <ref>Hoffmann K, Flanders WD. Estimating the proportion of disease due to classes of sufficient causes. Am J Epidemiol 2006;164:1253-5.</ref>, <ref>Liao S-F, Lee W-C. Weighing the causal pies in case-control studies. Ann Epidemiol 2010;20:568-73.</ref>.

	=Synopsis=		=Synopsis=

Bosmana fem: /* Speeding */

2022-12-19T10:26:05Z

Speeding

← Older revision		Revision as of 10:26, 19 December 2022
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	[[File:6013.AFpop-2.gif-550x0.png\|600px\|frameless\|left]]		[[File:6013.AFpop-2.gif-550x0.png\|600px\|frameless\|left]]

	This means that (if speeding causes driving related deaths) 44% of driving related deaths in the population can be attributed to speeding.


			This means that (if speeding causes driving-related deaths) 44% of driving-related deaths in the population can be attributed to speeding.

Bosmana fem: /* Attributable fraction in the population (AFpop) */

2022-12-19T10:25:50Z

Attributable fraction in the population (AFpop)

← Older revision		Revision as of 10:25, 19 December 2022
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	[[File:7411.AFpop-1.gif-550x0.png\|600px\|frameless\|left]]		[[File:7411.AFpop-1.gif-550x0.png\|600px\|frameless\|left]]




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	Sometimes, diseases are the result of complex interactions between risk factors. Methods to conceptualise and clarify these interactions have been developed. These include sequential attributable fractions <ref>Eide GE, Gefeller O. Sequential and average attributable fractions as aids in the selection of prevention strategies. J Clin Epidemiol 1995;48:645-55.</ref>, <ref>Rowe A, Powell KE, Flanders WD. Why population attributable fractions can sum to more than one. Am J Prev Med 2004;26:243-9.</ref>, and causal pies <ref>Hoffmann K, Flanders WD. Estimating the proportion of disease due to classes of sufficient causes. Am J Epidemiol 2006;164:1253-5.</ref>, <ref>Liao S-F, Lee W-C. Weighing the causal pies in case-control studies. Ann Epidemiol 2010;20:568-73.</ref>.		Sometimes, diseases are the result of complex interactions between risk factors. Methods to conceptualise and clarify these interactions have been developed. These include sequential attributable fractions <ref>Eide GE, Gefeller O. Sequential and average attributable fractions as aids in the selection of prevention strategies. J Clin Epidemiol 1995;48:645-55.</ref>, <ref>Rowe A, Powell KE, Flanders WD. Why population attributable fractions can sum to more than one. Am J Prev Med 2004;26:243-9.</ref>, and causal pies <ref>Hoffmann K, Flanders WD. Estimating the proportion of disease due to classes of sufficient causes. Am J Epidemiol 2006;164:1253-5.</ref>, <ref>Liao S-F, Lee W-C. Weighing the causal pies in case-control studies. Ann Epidemiol 2010;20:568-73.</ref>.


	=Synopsis=		=Synopsis=

Bosmana fem: /* Attributable risk in the population (ARpop) */

2022-12-19T10:25:39Z

Attributable risk in the population (ARpop)

← Older revision		Revision as of 10:25, 19 December 2022
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	The second type of question relates to the excess risk of disease in the total population attributable to exposure. This is the attributable risk in the population (ARpop) or the population-attributable risk. It is the proportion of cases in the general population that can be attributed to the exposure.		The second type of question relates to the excess risk of disease in the total population attributable to exposure. This is the attributable risk in the population (ARpop) or the population-attributable risk. It is the proportion of cases in the general population that can be attributed to the exposure.
	[[File:3513.ARpop.gif-550x0.png\|400px\|frameless\|left]]		[[File:3513.ARpop.gif-550x0.png\|400px\|frameless\|left]]




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	It represents the reduction in risk we would achieve if the entire population were not exposed. It helps to identify which exposures are most relevant in the community and will yield the most benefit from public health interventions <ref>Rockhill B, Newman B, Weiberg C. Use and misuse of population attributable fractions. Am J Public Health 1998;88:15-19.</ref>, <ref NAME ="Coughlin">Coughlin SS, Benichou J, Weed DL. Attributable risk estimation in case-control studies. Epidemiol Rev 1994;16:51-64.</ref>.		It represents the reduction in risk we would achieve if the entire population were not exposed. It helps to identify which exposures are most relevant in the community and will yield the most benefit from public health interventions <ref>Rockhill B, Newman B, Weiberg C. Use and misuse of population attributable fractions. Am J Public Health 1998;88:15-19.</ref>, <ref NAME ="Coughlin">Coughlin SS, Benichou J, Weed DL. Attributable risk estimation in case-control studies. Epidemiol Rev 1994;16:51-64.</ref>.



	=Attributable fraction in the population (AFpop)=		=Attributable fraction in the population (AFpop)=

Bosmana fem at 10:25, 19 December 2022

2022-12-19T10:25:21Z

← Older revision		Revision as of 10:25, 19 December 2022
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	The second type of question relates to the excess risk of disease in the total population attributable to exposure. This is the attributable risk in the population (ARpop) or the population-attributable risk. It is the proportion of cases in the general population that can be attributed to the exposure.		The second type of question relates to the excess risk of disease in the total population attributable to exposure. This is the attributable risk in the population (ARpop) or the population-attributable risk. It is the proportion of cases in the general population that can be attributed to the exposure.
	[[File:3513.ARpop.gif-550x0.png\|400px\|frameless\|left]]		[[File:3513.ARpop.gif-550x0.png\|400px\|frameless\|left]]


	Ipop = incidence in the population		Ipop = incidence in the population
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	[[File:7411.AFpop-1.gif-550x0.png\|600px\|frameless\|left]]		[[File:7411.AFpop-1.gif-550x0.png\|600px\|frameless\|left]]

Bosmana fem at 10:23, 19 December 2022

2022-12-19T10:23:16Z

← Older revision		Revision as of 10:23, 19 December 2022
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	=Attributable risk in the population (ARpop)=		=Attributable risk in the population (ARpop)=
	The second type of question relates to the excess risk of disease in the total population attributable to exposure. This is the attributable risk in the population (ARpop) or the population-attributable risk. It is the proportion of cases in the general population that can be attributed to the exposure.		The second type of question relates to the excess risk of disease in the total population attributable to exposure. This is the attributable risk in the population (ARpop) or the population-attributable risk. It is the proportion of cases in the general population that can be attributed to the exposure.
			[[File:3513.ARpop.gif-550x0.png\|400px\|frameless\|left]]
	3513.ARpop.gif-550x0.png

	Ipop = incidence in the population		Ipop = incidence in the population
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	Iu = incidence among unexposed		Iu = incidence among unexposed

	It represents the reduction in risk we would achieve if the entire population were not exposed. It helps to identify which exposures are most relevant in the community and will yield the most benefit from public health interventions ~~[1] [2]~~.		It represents the reduction in risk we would achieve if the entire population were not exposed. It helps to identify which exposures are most relevant in the community and will yield the most benefit from public health interventions <ref>Rockhill B, Newman B, Weiberg C. Use and misuse of population attributable fractions. Am J Public Health 1998;88:15-19.</ref>, <ref NAME ="Coughlin">Coughlin SS, Benichou J, Weed DL. Attributable risk estimation in case-control studies. Epidemiol Rev 1994;16:51-64.</ref>.


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	This is known as the attributable fraction in the population (AFpop):		This is known as the attributable fraction in the population (AFpop):

			[[File:7411.AFpop-1.gif-550x0.png\|600px\|frameless\|left]]
	7411.AFpop-1.gif-550x0.png


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	===Speeding===		===Speeding===
	6013.AFpop-2.gif-550x0.png		[[File:6013.AFpop-2.gif-550x0.png\|600px\|frameless\|left]]

	This means that (if speeding causes driving related deaths) 44% of driving related deaths in the population can be attributed to speeding.		This means that (if speeding causes driving related deaths) 44% of driving related deaths in the population can be attributed to speeding.
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	===Drunk driving===		===Drunk driving===
	1460.AFpop-3.gif-550x0.png		[[File:1460.AFpop-3.gif-550x0.png\|600px\|frameless\|left]]

	This means that (if drunk driving causes driving related deaths) 22% of driving related deaths in the population can be attributed to drunk driving.		This means that (if drunk driving causes driving related deaths) 22% of driving related deaths in the population can be attributed to drunk driving.

	AFpop can also be expressed as:		AFpop can also be expressed as:
	2626.AFpop-4.gif-550x0.png		[[File:2626.AFpop-4.gif-550x0.png\|400px\|frameless\|left]]


	The above formula is not valid if the RR is adjusted for confounders, as is often the case. In this situation one of the following alternatives is preferable:		The above formula is not valid if the RR is adjusted for confounders, as is often the case. In this situation one of the following alternatives is preferable:

	4621.AFpop-5b.GIF-550x0.png		[[File:4621.AFpop-5b.GIF-550x0.png\|800px\|frameless\|left]]


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	ARe = attributable risk among exposed		ARe = attributable risk among exposed

	If the risk factor is causal, then the population attributable risk depends on:		If the risk factor is causal, then the population-attributable risk depends on:

	the strength of the association (RR)		the strength of the association (RR)
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	To have a large impact on the population, the exposure must be common.		To have a large impact on the population, the exposure must be common.

	Methods are also available for dealing with multiple exposure categories for a single risk factor ~~[3]~~, and for diseases caused by multiple risk factors ~~[2] [4]~~.		Methods are also available for dealing with multiple exposure categories for a single risk factor <ref>Hanley JA. A heuristic approach to the formulas for population attributable fraction. J Epidemiol Community Health 2001;55:508-14.</ref>, and for diseases caused by multiple risk factors <ref NAME ="Coughlin"/> <ref>Bruzzi P, Green SB, Dyer DP, Brinton LA, Schairer C. Estimating the population attributable risk for multiple risk factors using case-control data. Am J Epidemiol 1985;122:904-14.</ref>.

	Sometimes, diseases are the result of complex interactions between risk factors. Methods to conceptualise and clarify these interactions have been developed. These include sequential attributable fractions [5~~] [6]~~, ~~and~~ causal pies ~~[7] [8]~~.		Sometimes, diseases are the result of complex interactions between risk factors. Methods to conceptualise and clarify these interactions have been developed. These include sequential attributable fractions <ref>Eide GE, Gefeller O. Sequential and average attributable fractions as aids in the selection of prevention strategies. J Clin Epidemiol 1995;48:645-55.</ref>, <ref>Rowe A, Powell KE, Flanders WD. Why population attributable fractions can sum to more than one. Am J Prev Med 2004;26:243-9.</ref>, and causal pies <ref>Hoffmann K, Flanders WD. Estimating the proportion of disease due to classes of sufficient causes. Am J Epidemiol 2006;164:1253-5.</ref>, <ref>Liao S-F, Lee W-C. Weighing the causal pies in case-control studies. Ann Epidemiol 2010;20:568-73.</ref>.


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	=References=		=References=
	~~Rockhill B, Newman B, Weiberg C. Use and misuse of population attributable fractions. Am J Public Health 1998;88:15-19.~~		<references/>
	~~Coughlin SS, Benichou J, Weed DL. Attributable risk estimation in case-control studies. Epidemiol Rev 1994;16:51-64.~~
	~~Hanley JA. A heuristic approach to the formulas for population attributable fraction. J Epidemiol Community Health 2001;55:508-14.~~
	~~Bruzzi P, Green SB, Dyer DP, Brinton LA, Schairer C. Estimating the population attributable risk for multiple risk factors using case-control data. Am J Epidemiol 1985;122:904-14.~~
	~~Eide GE, Gefeller O. Sequential and average attributable fractions as aids in the selection of prevention strategies. J Clin Epidemiol 1995;48:645-55.~~
	~~Rowe A, Powell KE, Flanders WD. Why population attributable fractions can sum to more than one. Am J Prev Med 2004;26:243-9.~~
	~~Hoffmann K, Flanders WD. Estimating the proportion of disease due to classes of sufficient causes. Am J Epidemiol 2006;164:1253-5.~~
	~~Liao S-F, Lee W-C. Weighing the causal pies in case-control studies. Ann Epidemiol 2010;20:568-73.~~