View source for Measures of impact in the population

=Attributable risk in the population (ARpop)=
The second type of question relates to the excess risk of disease in the total population attributable to exposure. This is the attributable risk in the population (ARpop) or the population-attributable risk. It is the proportion of cases in the general population that can be attributed to the exposure.
[[File:3513.ARpop.gif-550x0.png|400px|frameless|left]]




Ipop = incidence in the population

Iu = incidence among unexposed

It represents the reduction in risk we would achieve if the entire population were not exposed. It helps to identify which exposures are most relevant in the community and will yield the most benefit from public health interventions <ref>Rockhill B, Newman B, Weiberg C. Use and misuse of population attributable fractions. Am J Public Health 1998;88:15-19.</ref>, <ref NAME ="Coughlin">Coughlin SS, Benichou J, Weed DL. Attributable risk estimation in case-control studies. Epidemiol Rev 1994;16:51-64.</ref>.

=Attributable fraction in the population (AFpop)=
The population attributable risk can also be expressed as a percentage of the total risk in the population.

This is known as the attributable fraction in the population (AFpop):                             

[[File:7411.AFpop-1.gif-550x0.png|600px|frameless|left]]






Ipop = incidence in the population

Iu = incidence among the exposed


Table. Risk of death from speeding, Anystate, 2010
{| class="wikitable"
! Speeding !! Total drivers !! No. of deaths !! Risk of death per 1,000 !! Attributable risk (population)
|-
| Yes || 2,000 || 100 || 50 || 
|-
| No || 8,000 || 80 || 10 || 
|-
| Total || 10,000 || 180 || 18 || 18 - 10 = 8/1,000
|}


===Speeding===
[[File:6013.AFpop-2.gif-550x0.png|600px|frameless|left]]




This means that (if speeding causes driving-related deaths) 44% of driving-related deaths in the population can be attributed to speeding.

 

Table. Risk of death from drunk driving, Anystate, 2010
Drunk driving
{| class="wikitable"
! Drunk driving !! Total drivers !! No. of deaths !! Risk of death per 1,000 !! Attributable risk (population)
|-
| Yes || 300 || 45 || 150 || 
|-
| No || 9,700 || 135 || 14 || 
|-
| Total || 10,000 || 180 || 18 || 18 - 14 = 4/1,000
|}

===Drunk driving===
[[File:1460.AFpop-3.gif-550x0.png|600px|frameless|left]]




This means that (if drunk driving causes driving related deaths) 22% of driving related deaths in the population can be attributed to drunk driving.

AFpop can also be expressed as:
[[File:2626.AFpop-4.gif-550x0.png|400px|frameless|left]]





The above formula is not valid if the RR is adjusted for confounders, as is often the case. In this situation one of the following alternatives is preferable:

[[File:4621.AFpop-5b.GIF-550x0.png|800px|frameless|left]]





Pe = proportion of the population exposed

PCe = proportion of cases exposed

Ie = incidence in exposed

Iu = incidence in unexposed

RR = risk ratio

ARe = attributable risk among exposed

If the risk factor is causal, then the population-attributable risk depends on:

the strength of the association (RR)
the frequency of the exposure (Pe)
To have a large impact on the population, exposure must be common.

Methods are also available for dealing with multiple exposure categories for a single risk factor <ref>Hanley JA. A heuristic approach to the formulas for population attributable fraction. J Epidemiol Community Health 2001;55:508-14.</ref>, and for diseases caused by multiple risk factors <ref NAME ="Coughlin"/> <ref>Bruzzi P, Green SB, Dyer DP, Brinton LA, Schairer C. Estimating the population attributable risk for multiple risk factors using case-control data. Am J Epidemiol 1985;122:904-14.</ref>.

Sometimes, diseases are the result of complex interactions between risk factors. Methods to conceptualise and clarify these interactions have been developed. These include sequential attributable fractions <ref>Eide GE, Gefeller O. Sequential and average attributable fractions as aids in selecting prevention strategies. J Clin Epidemiol 1995;48:645-55.</ref>, <ref>Rowe A, Powell KE, Flanders WD. Why population-attributable fractions can sum to more than one. Am J Prev Med 2004;26:243-9.</ref>, and causal pies <ref>Hoffmann K, Flanders WD. Estimating the proportion of disease due to classes of sufficient causes. Am J Epidemiol 2006;164:1253-5.</ref>, <ref>Liao S-F, Lee W-C. Weighing the causal pies in case-control studies. Ann Epidemiol 2010;20:568-73.</ref>.

=Synopsis=
==Attributable risk in the population (ARpop)==
* The number of cases (amount of disease) within the population that can be attributed to the exposure
* What is the risk within the population that is due to the exposure?
* Helps in determining the public health relevance of specific exposures within the whole community
* Assumes that the causal effect is entirely due to the exposure
Synonyms:
* Attributable risk (population)

==Attributable fraction in the population (AFpop)==
* The proportion of cases (percentage of disease) within the population that can be attributed to the exposure
* What is the proportion of disease within the population that:
** can be attributed to the exposure?
** could be prevented if the risk factor was eliminated?
** could be prevented if everyone was exposed to the protective factor?
Synonyms:
* Attributable fraction (population)
* Population attributable fraction
* Attributable proportion (population)
* Aetiological fraction / Preventable fraction (population)
* Population attributable risk percent

 

=References=
<references/>


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'''FEM PAGE CONTRIBUTORS 2007'''
;Fem Editor 2007
:Meirion Evans
;original Authors
:Alain Moren
:Marta Valenciano
:Thomas Grein
</div>
[[Category:Measures of Disease Impact]]